Marsilius of padua biography of albert einstein

Italian philosopher (c. 1275–1342)

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio da Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c. 1270 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine, who practiced a variety of professions.

He was also an important 14th-century political figure. His political treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace), an attempt to refute papal claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both church and state, is seen by some scholars as the most revolutionary political treatise written in the later Middle Ages.^[1] It is one of the first examples of a trenchant critique of caesaropapism in Western Europe.^[2] Marsilius is sometimes seen as a forerunner of the Protestant reformation, because many of his beliefs were later adopted by Calvin and Luther.^[3]

Early years

Marsilius was born in Padua, an important city near Venice, circa the